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cultivated-cultivate的用法搭配

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cultivated-cultivate的用法搭配
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  猜詞悟義是應用英語的重要能力cultivated,也是醫(yī)博英語考試閱讀理解中必須掌握的一項重要技能。猜測詞義需要cultivated我們準確無誤地理解上下文cultivated,而且平時要有較大的泛讀量??忌鷳獙W會通過構詞、定義、同位、對比、因果、常識、同義、反義及上下文線索等確定詞義。

  在醫(yī)學考博英語閱讀理解中,在所難免要遇到不認識的單詞或短語,或者遇到熟悉的單詞在文章中被賦予了新的意義。如果這些詞或短語不影響對文章主要內(nèi)容的理解,我們便可以將它們略過,繼續(xù)閱讀。如果這些詞的含義對正確理解文章很重要,那我們就必須想辦法猜測詞義。

   通常說來,猜測詞義有以下幾種方法cultivated

  1. 根據(jù)構詞法猜測

  2. 根據(jù)上下文猜測

  3. 根據(jù)文化背景知識猜測

  在醫(yī)學考博英語考試中,詞匯量還是很重要的,因為關鍵的單詞和短語往往涉及到題材背景、句子結(jié)構、文章主旨、作者的觀點態(tài)度等,

  如果我們能學一點猜測詞義的技巧,很多難詞都能迎刃而解。

  近幾年醫(yī)學考博英語考試閱讀理解的生詞率略有上升,這更需要我們再盡量擴充詞匯量的同時,要學習猜測詞義的技巧。命題者往往會考查考生利用同義或反義關系、構詞法、語法和語篇文脈等理解關鍵詞的能力。而聯(lián)系主旨、整合上下文信息是解答這類題的關鍵。

   醫(yī)學考博英語閱讀:根據(jù)上下文猜測文義的五種方法

  1. 利用解釋(定義)猜詞

  2. 利用例子猜詞

  3. 利用近義詞猜詞

  4. 利用反義詞或?qū)Ρ汝P系猜詞

  5. 利用因果關系猜詞

  1. 利用解釋(定義)猜詞

  解釋生詞時常用的關鍵詞和句型有:

  … means

  … is / are

  … is / are called 被叫做

  … is / are known as 被稱為

  … can be defines as 可被定義為

  例如:

  Annealing is a way of making metal softer by heating it and then letting it cool very slowly.

  句子給予 annealing 以明確的定義,即“退火”。

  It will be very hard but also very brittle — that is, it will break easily.

  從后面 that is (也就是說) 的解釋中我們可以了解到 brittle 是“脆”的意思。

  The herdsman, who looks after sheep, earns about 650 yuan a year.

  定語從句中 looks after sheep 就表明了 herdsman 的詞義為“牧羊人”。

  閱讀中出現(xiàn)的難詞有時后面緊跟一個同位語,對前面的詞進行解釋,這時可利用同位關系對前面或后面的詞義或句意進行猜測。例如:

  The invention of snorkel, a long air tube that reaches up to the surface, has made it possible for submarines (潛艇) to use their diesel engine even when they are submerged.

  句中 snorkel 一詞的意思,可通過其同位語“a long air tube that reaches up to the surface”來猜得。由此,我們可確定該詞義為“通氣管”。

  2. 利用例子來猜詞

  利用例子猜詞常見的關鍵詞有:

  such as

  like

  especially

  for instance

  for example

  例如:

  In cities, centralized production, distribution and exchange create the “agglomeration effect”—which reduces costs while increasing efficiency,” says Zhu Caibin, PhD in urban and environmental science and expert in city planning at the China Urban Construction Design & Research Institute. To put it simple, a factory will find it easier to hire hands and gather material. Whereas you can sell a product to only one person in a village, you might attract 10 potential customers in a city.

  例文中,作者通過通俗易懂的例子(begin with " to put it simple")來解釋了專業(yè)詞匯“agglomeration effect”(集聚效應)。

  3. 利用近義詞來猜詞

  常見的用來引出同義詞或近義詞的表達有:

  or…

  that is

  that is to say

  in other words

  to put it another way

  例如:

  Although he often had the opportunity, Mr. Tritt was never able to steal money from a customer. This would have endangered his position at the bank, and he did not want to jeopardize his future.

  作者為避免重復使用endanger一詞,用其同義詞jeopardize來替代它,由此推知 jeopardize 詞義為“使……陷入危險,危及、危害”。

  Doctors believe that smoking cigarettes is detrimental to your health. They also regard drinking as harmful.

  句中detrimental是個生詞,但判斷出 harmful 替代 detrimental 后,不難推斷出其詞義為“不利的,有害的”。

  Article 47 of the law also includes clear and detailed regulations on compensation. It says: “ An employee shall be paid a severance pay based on the number of years worked with the employer at the rate of one month’s wage for each full year worked.”

  在這段話中,compensation 和 severance 是同義詞。例文理解為: 這部法律的第47條也清楚且詳盡地列出一系列有關補償?shù)囊?guī)定。其中規(guī)定: “經(jīng)濟補償按勞動者在本單位工作的年限,每滿一年支付一個月工資的標準向勞動者支付。”

  4. 利用反義或?qū)Ρ汝P系來猜詞

  例如:

  She is usually prompt for all her class, but today she arrived in the middle of her first class.

  but 一詞表轉(zhuǎn)折,因此 but 前后的意思正好相反。后半句的意思是她今天“第一節(jié)上了一半才來”,因此反向推理,可得出她平時一向 prompt (準時)的結(jié)論。

  We can allow time to slip by and let it be our enemy. Or we can take control of it and make it our ally.

  前一句說“我們可以讓時間流逝或讓它成為我們的敵人”,下面一句由or引出,表示相反的意思,即:我們可以控制時間,讓時間成為我們的 ally (朋友)來支持我們。

  Brussels, home to the EU and many top international institutions, is known for its family-friendly and cultivated lifestyle but the mayor wants to crack down on the everyday unpleasantness found in any big city.

  but 一詞表示轉(zhuǎn)折,因此 but 前后的意思正相反。前半句的意思是“布魯塞爾是歐盟總部和很多高級國際機構的所在地,以有利于家庭和有教養(yǎng)的生活方式而著稱”。通過轉(zhuǎn)折關系的推理,我們猜測后半句的意思是“市長卻想打擊 (crack down) 在所有大城市都存在的臟話問題”。

  5. 利用因果關系猜詞

  例如:

  French commentators described Miss Trierweiler’s legal action as hypocritical given that she declined to attack her own employer, saying she felt “ ill at ease” doing so.

  從后面的原因“她拒絕告自己的雇主,說自己這樣做會感到‘不安’”中,可以推測結(jié)果中的“hypocritical”的意思是“虛偽的”。(法國評論員認為瓦萊麗的法律行動十分虛偽。)

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